Document Type : Original Article
Authors
1 MS. c Clinical Psychology, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch, Iran, Tehran.
2 PhD General Psychology, Assistant Professor, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch, Iran, Tehran.
10.61838/kman.ijecs.4.2.4
Abstract
The recent pandemic of Coronavirus and its associated excess mortality have made the man more prone to feelings of isolation and being alone existentially. Therefore, it is necessary to identify, assess, and reduce such negative feelings. The present study aims to provide a Persian adaptation of the existential loneliness questionnaire (ELQ) and to examine its dimensional structure and psychometric characteristics. The ELQ items were translated into Persian using forward-backward translation method. Participant recruitment is conducted via social media platform and data is collected via online survey. Content validity was evaluated by the expert’s judgement, followed by factor analysis, validity, and reliability tests. Two samples of university students were collected. Sample 1 consisted of 305 students aged 18-53 years, completed the Persian adaptation of the ELQ and several other instruments: De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale (DJGLS), Existential Anxiety Questionnaire (EAQ), Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-13), Meaning in Life Questionnaire (MLQ), and Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS). Sample 2 consisted of 262 students aged 18-50 years, completed only the Persian ELQ to conduct Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) tests. According to Parallel Analysis (PA) and Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) results, a unidimensional structure was found for the Persian ELQ, and the results of the CFA test supported this finding. The Multi-group CFA test supported the measurement invariance of the questionnaire across two samples. Evidence of high internal consistency (α =.91) and adequate test-retest reliability (r= .73) was found as well. The correlational analyses revealed a strong construct validity based on the ELQ score’s significant association with other criterion measures. According to the findings of the study, the Persian version of the ELQ is a reliable, valid, and psychometrically suitable instrument for use in Iranian samples of university students.
Keywords
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DiTommaso, E., & Spinner, B. (1993). The Development and Initial Validation of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults. Personality and Individual Differences, 14, 127-134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0191-8869(93)90182-3
Edberg A. K., & Bolmsjö, I. (2019). Exploring Existential Loneliness among Frail Older People as a Basis for an Intervention: Protocol for the Development Phase of the LONE Study. JMIR Research Protocol, 8 (8): 13607. https://www.researchprotocols.org/2019/8/e13607
Etemad, J., Dehghan-Manshadi, Z., & Mozafari, N. (2017). Investigation on psychometric properties of Existential Anxiety Questionnaire in elderly. Journal of Gerontology (joge) 1(3), 39-48. https://doi.org.1 0.18869/acadpub.joge.1.3.39
Ettema, E.J., Derksen, L.D., & van Leeuwen, E. (2010). Existential loneliness and end-of-life care: A systematic review. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics, 31(2), 141-169. https://doi.org.10.1007/s11017-010-9141-1
Ferrando, P. J., & Lorenzo-Seva, U. (2018). Assessing the Quality and Appropriateness of Factor Solutions and Factor Score Estimates in Exploratory Item Factor Analysis. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 78(5), 762-780. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013164417719308
Finch, W. H., & French, B. F. (2018). A Simulation Investigation of the Performance of Invariance Assessment Using Equivalence Testing Procedures. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 25, 673-686. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705511.2018.1431781
Fromm, E. (1956). The Art of Loving: An Enquiry into the Nature of Love. New York: Harper & Brothers.
George, D. & Mallery, M. (2010). SPSS for Windows Step by Step: A Simple Guide and Reference, 17.0 update (10th ed.). Boston: Pearson.
Gökdemir-Bulut, B. P., & Bozo, Ö. (2018). The Psychometric Validity and Reliability of the Turkish Version of the Existential Loneliness Questionnaire. Current Psychology 37(1), 401-413. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12144-016-9534-z
Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness Matters: A Theoretical and Empirical Review of Consequences and Mechanisms. Annal of Behavioral Medicine, 40, 218-227. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12160-010-9210-8
Heidegger, M. (1962). Being and time, J. Macquarrie & E. Robinson (Trans.), New York: Harper and Row.
Hosseini, L., Sharif Nia, H., Froelicher, E. S., & Farahani, M. A., (2020). Psychometrics of Persian Version of the 11 items De Jong Gierveld Loneliness Scale among an Iranian Older Adults Population during COVID-19 Pandemic, Research Square, https://doi.org/1 0.21 203/rs.3.rs-1 91 91 3/v1
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1998). Fit indices in covariance structure modeling: Sensitivity to under-parameterized model misspecification. Psychological Methods, 3, 424-453.
Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6 (1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
Hughes, M. E., Waite, L. J., Hawkley, L. C., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2004) A Short Scale for Measuring Loneliness in Large Surveys. Research on Aging, 26(6), 655-672. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027504268574
Hlubocky, F. J., Sher, T., Cella, D., Ratain, M. J., & Daugherty, C. (2019).Till Death do us Part: Existential Loneliness (EL), Psychosocial Distress, and Survival of Advanced Cancer Patients (ACPs), and their Spousal Caregivers (SCs). Journal of Clinical Oncology 37 (15), 11628-11628.
Ledesma, R.D., Ferrando, P.J., Trógolo, M.A., Fernando Poó, M., Tosi, J.D., & Castro, C. (2021). Exploratory factor analysis in transportation research: Current practices and recommendations. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour. 78, 340-352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.trf.2021.02.021
Lloret, S., Ferreres, A., Hernández, A., & Tomás, I. (2017). The exploratory factor analysis of items: Guided analysis based on empirical data and software. Annals of Psychology. 33(2), 417-432. https://doi.org/10.6018/analesps.33.2.270211
Mah, K. (2019). Existential Loneliness and the Importance of Addressing Sexual Health in People with Advanced Cancer in Palliative Care. Psycho‐Oncology,28, 1354-56. https://doi.org/10.1002/pon.5092
Marker, E. (2019). The Relationship between Social Media Use and loneliness: An Existential Exploration [Master Thesis]; Existential Research Acdemy, New School of Psychotherapy & Counselling. https://www.nspc.org.uk/client/assets/nspc-theses/5/eleanor marker_2019.
Marcoen, A., Goossens, L., & Caes, P. (1987). Loneliness in Pre-Through Late Adolescence: Exploring the Contributions of a Multidimensional Approach. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 16, 561-576. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02138821
Mardia, K. (1970). Measures of Multivariate Skewness and Kurtosis with Applications. Biometrika, 57(3), 519-530. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/57.3.519
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