Document Type : Original Article

Author

University of Calabar, Calabar

10.61838/kman.ijecs.4.3.1

Abstract

Most students have difficulties in getting use to the new environment that they find themselves especially when the settings of their previous school is different from where they are admitted newly. The study sought to carry out a mediation analysis of the link between psychological wellbeing and adjustment of transiting students. The study adopted a quantitative approach with a total of 1560 students used for the study. The instrument used for the study was a question that was validated appropriately. Data collected were analysed using the partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM) to examine the direct and indirect effect of the psychological wellbeing on adjustment tendencies as well and variance explained by the variables. The results showed that there exist a direct effect of environmental mastery and self-acceptance on academic, emotional, and social adjustment. Personal relations have a direct effect on emotional adjustment and social adjustment but not for academic adjustment. Self-acceptance has a negative direct effect on environmental mastery. A significant direct effect exists between environmental mastery and positive relations (PR), self-acceptance has a direct effect on environmental mastery and self-acceptance (SEA) on positive relations. A partial mediation effect exists between self-acceptance and academic adjustment as mediated by environmental mastery but not with self-acceptance and academic adjustment as mediated by positive relations among others. Psychological wellbeing when combined, contribute to the variances in adjustment tendencies. Conclusions and further implication of the findings were discussed.

Keywords

Ab Hamid, M. R., Sami, W., & Mohmad Sidek, M. H. (2017). Discriminant Validity Assessment: Use of Fornell & Larcker criterion versus HTMT Criterion. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 890, 12163. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/890/1/012163  
Ababu, Y.,  Yihunbelay , D  and Wondale A. (2018) . Prevalence of Adjustment Problem and Its Predictors among First-Year Undergraduate Students in Ethiopian University: A Cross-Sectional Institution Based Study.  https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/5919743 
Abdullah, M.C., Elias, H., Uli, J., & Mahyrudin, R. (2009).Relationship between coping and university adjustment and academic achievement amongst first year undergraduates in a Malaysian public university. International Journal of Arts and Sciences, 3 (11), 379 – 392. Available at http://a.xueshu.baidu.com/
Adlaf, E. M., Gliksman, L., Demers, A., & Newton-Taylor, B. (2001). The Prevalence of Elevated Psychological Distress amongst Canadian Undergraduates. Journal of American College Health, 50, 67-72. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448480109596009 
Agrawal, B (2015) The influence of variables such as self-esteem, psychological well-being on performance. Ilkogretim Online - Elementary Education Online, 19 (3) 4778-4797. doi: 10.17051/ilkonline.2020.03.735632.
Ahmet, C., Senell  P. and Yegan, P. (2021) Eleven types of adjustment problems and psychological well-being among international students. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 91, 1-20. Available at DOI: 10.14689/ejer.2021.91.1  
Al-Hendawi, M.; Kliewer, W.; Hussein, E. School Adjustment and Academic Success in Qatari Secondary School Students: Associations with Well-Being and Emotional and Behavioral Problems. Educ. Sci. 2022, 12, 934. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci12120934 
Al-Mseidin1i, K., Omar-Fauzee2, M and Kaur, A. (2017) The relationship between social and academic adjustment among secondary females students in Jordan 
Amholt, T., Dammeyer, J., Carter, R., and Niclasen, J. (2020,)PsychologicalWell-Being and Academic Achievement among School-Aged Children: A Systematic Review. Child Indic. Res.13, 1523–1548. DOI: 10.1007/s12187-020-09725-9
Anyogo, R. (2021) Psychological wellbeing and academic adjustment among students. Unpublished M.Ed Works submitted Graduate School, University of Calabar, Calabar.
Aspelmeier, J. E., Love, M. M., McGill, L. A., Elliott, A. N., & Pierce, T. W. (2012). Self-esteem, locus of control, college adjustment, and GPA among first- and continuing-generation students: A moderator model of generational status. Research in Higher Education, 53(7), 755–781. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11162-011-9252-1
Awang, M. M., Kutty, F. M., & Ahmad, A. R. (2014). Perceived Social Support and Well-Being: First-Year Student Experience in University. International Education Studies, 7, 261-270. https://doi.org/10.5539/ies.v7n13p261
Blanco, C., Okuda, M., Wright, C., Hasin, D. S., Grant, B. F., Liu, S., & Wolfson, M. (2008). Mental Health of College Students and Their Non-College Attending Peers.Archives of General Psychiatry, 65, 1429-1437. https://doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.65.12.1429
Bowman, N. A. (2010). The Development of Psychological Well-Being among First-Ear College Students. Journal of College Student Development, 51, 180-200. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.0.0118 
Burris, J. L., Brechting, E. H., Salsman, J., & Carlson, C. R. (2009). Factors associated with the psychological well-being and distress of university students. Journal of American college health, 57(5), 536-544. DOI: 10.3200/JACH.57.5.536-544
Campbell-Sills, L., & Stein, M. B. (2007). Psychometric Analysis and Refinement of the Conor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC): Validation of a 10-Item Measure of Resilience. Journal of Traumatic Stress, 20, 1019-1028. https://doi.org/10.1002/jts.20271
Cooke, R., Bewick, B. M., Barkham, M., Bradley, M., & Audin, K. (2006). Measuring, monitoring and managing the psychological well-being of first year university students. British Journal of Guidance & Counselling, 34(4), 505–517. https://doi.org/10.1080/03069880600942624
Credé, M., & Niehorster, S. (2012). Adjustment to college as measured by the Student Adaptation to College Questionnaire: A quantitative review of its structure and relationships with correlates and consequences. Educational Psychology Review, 24(1), 133–165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-011-9184-5
David, L.T. and Nita, G.L. (2014) Adjustment to First Year of College—Relations among Self-Perception, Trust, Mastery and Alienation. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 127, 139-143.
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.03.228
De La Barrera, U.; Schoeps, K.; Gil-Gómez, J.A (2019).  Montoya-Castilla, I. Predicting adolescent adjustment and well-being: The interplay between socio-emotional and personal factors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health ,16, 4650. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16234650
Denovan, A., & Macaskill, A. (2013). An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Stress and Coping in First Year Undergraduates. British Educational Research Journal, 39, 1002-1024. https://doi.org/10.1002/berj.3019
Dwyer, A. L., & Cummings, A. L. (2001). Stress, self-efficacy, social support, and coping strategies in university students. Canadian Journal of Counseling, 35(3), 208-220. Available at https://psycnet.apa.org/record/2001-07949-002
Eriksson, L. J., Jansson, B., & Sundin, Ö. (2019). Psychometric properties of a Swedish version of the reinforcement sensitivity theory of personality questionnaire. Nordic Psychology, 71(2), 134-145. https://doi.org/10.1080/19012276.2018.1516563
Ernest O. and , Fehintola V. (2012) Academic Adjustment: Predictive Influence of Some Psychological Factors among Tertiary Institution Students in Ibadan, Nigeria. Asia Pacific Journal of Educational Perspectives, 8, (1). Available at https://research.lpubatangas.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/APJEAS-2021.8.1.04.pdf
European Journal of Education Studies, 3(2). doi:10.5281/zenodo.260346    
Fava, G. A., & Tomba, E. (2009). Increasing Psychological Well-Being and Resilience by Psychotherapeutic Methods. Journal of Personality, 77, 1903-1934. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00604.x 
Fernández, M., Araújo, A., Vacas, C., Almeida, L. and González, M. (2017) Predictors of students’ adjustment during transition to university in Spain. Psicothema. 29, (1), 67-72. doi: 10.7334/psicothema2016.40
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39–50. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Friedlander, L. J., Reid, G. J., Shupak, N., & Cribbie, R. (2007). Social Support, Self-Esteem, and Stress as Predictors of Adjustment to University among First-Year Undergraduates. Journal of College Student Development, 48, 259-274.
https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2007.0024
Fritz, M. V., Chin, D., & DeMarinis, V. (2008). Stressors, anxiety, acculturation and adjustment among international and North American students. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 32(3), 244–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2008.01.001
Glaser, N., Hall, R., & Halperin, S. (2006). Students Supporting Students: The Effects of Peer Mentoring on the Experiences of First Year University Students. Journal of the Australia and New Zealand Student Services Association, 27, 4-19. doi: 10.1016/j.ijintrel.2008.01.001
Grera,M,,  Abdallah, S., Abdul Hamed (2022) The impact of psychological well-being, social adjustment, and social responsibility as predictors of achievement motivation among Arab Postgraduate Students in Malaysia. International Journal of Acdemic Research in Progressive Education and Students in Malaysia. 11(1), 386-387. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v11-i1/11886  
Guo, Y., Li, Y., & Ito, N. (2012). Exploring the predicted effect of social networking site use on perceived social capital and psychological well-being of Chinese international students in Japan. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 17(1), 52-58. DOI: 10.1089/cyber.2012.0537
Hair Jr, J. F., Hult, G. T. M., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2021). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM). Sage publications. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7
 Hilkenmeier, F., Bohndick, C., Bohndick, T., & Hilkenmeier, J. (2020). Assessing distinctiveness in multidimensional instruments without access to raw data–A manifest Fornell-Larcker criterion. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 223. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00223
Hyun, J., Quinn, B., Madon, T., & Lustig, S. (2007). Mental health need, awareness, and use of counseling services among international graduate students. Journal of American College Health, 56(2), 109-118. DOI: 10.3200/JACH.56.2.109-118
Jindal-Snape, D., and Miller, D. J. (2008). A challenge of living? Understanding the psycho-social processes of the child during primary-secondary transition through resilience and self-esteem theories. Educ. Psychol. Rev. 20, 217–236. doi: 10.1007/s10648-008-9074-7 
Lam, L. W. (2012). Impact of competitiveness on salespeople’s commitment and performance. Journal of Business Research, 65(9), 1328–1334. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.026 
Lee, D. (2019). The convergent, discriminant, and nomological validity of the depression anxiety stress scales-21 (DASS-21). Journal of Affective Disorders, 259, 136-142. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2019.06.036
Longobardi, C., Badenes-Ribera, L., Gastaldi, F. G. M., and Prino, L. E. (2019a). The student-teacher relationship quality in children with selective mutism. Psychol. Sch. 56, 32–41. doi: 10.1002/pits.22175 
Longobardi, C., Gastaldi, F. G. M., Prino, L. E., Pasta, T., and Settanni, M. (2016a). Examining student-teacher relationship from students’ point of view: Italian adaptation and validation of the young children’s appraisal of teacher support questionnaire. Open Psychol. J. 9, 176–187. doi: 10.2174/1874350101609010176 
Longobardi, C., Iotti, N. O., Jungert, T., and Settanni, M. (2018a). Student-teacher relationships and bullying: the role of student social status. J. Adolesc. 63, 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.12.001 
Longobardi, C., Pasta, T., Marengo, D., Prino, L. E., and Settanni, M. (2018b). Measuring quality of classroom interactions in Italian primary school: structural validity of the CLASS K–3. J. Exp. Educ. 1–20. doi: 10.1080/00220973.2018.1533795 
Longobardi, C., Prino, L. E., Fabris, M. A., and Settanni, M. (2017). School violence in two Mediterranean countries: Italy and Albania. Child Youth Serv. Rev. 82, 254–261. doi: 10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.09.037 
Longobardi, C., Prino, L. E., Fabris, M. A., and Settanni, M. (2019b). Violence in school: an investigation of physical, psychological, and sexual victimization reported by Italian adolescents. J. Sch. Violence 18, 49–61. doi: 10.1080/15388220.2017.1387128 
Longobardi, C., Prino, L. E., Marengo, D., and Settanni, M. (2016b). Student-teacher relationships as a protective factor for school adjustment during the transition from middle to high school. Front. Psychol. 7:1988. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01988 
Lynn, M. R. (1986). Determination and quantification of content validity. Nursing Research, 35(6), 381–385. https://doi.org/10.1097/00006199-198611000-00017  
Magnavita, N.  and  Chiorri, C. (, 2018.), “Academic stress and active learning of nursing students: A cross-sectional study,” Nurse Education Today , 68, 128–133. DOI: 10.1016/j.nedt.2018.06.003
Mak, W. W. S., Ng, I. S. W., & Wong, C. C. Y. (2011). Resilience: Enhancing Well-Being through the Positive Cognitive Triad. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 58, 610-617. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0025195  
Marengo, D., Jungert, T., Iotti, N. O., Settanni, M., Thornberg, R., and Longobardi, C. (2018a). Conflictual student–teacher relationship, emotional and behavioral problems, prosocial behavior, and their associations with bullies, victims, and bullies/victims. Educ. Psychol. 38, 1201–1217. doi: 10.1080/01443410.2018.1481199  
Marengo, D., Rabaglietti, E., and Tani, F. (2018b). Internalizing symptoms and friendship stability: longitudinal actor-partner effects in early adolescent best friend dyads. J. Early Adolesc. 38, 947–965. doi: 10.1177/0272431617704953
Moilanen, K. L., Shaw, D. S., and Maxwell, K. L. (2010). Developmental cascades: externalizing, internalizing, and academic competence from middle childhood to early adolescence. Dev. Psychopathol. 22, 635–653. Doi: 10.1017/ S0954579410000337 
Mruk, C. J. (2006). Self-esteem research, theory, and practice: Toward a positive psychology of self-esteem. 3rd Edn. (New York, NY, US: Springer Publishing Co). 
Mualifah, A, Barida, M and Farhana, L.  (2019) Self-acceptance and social adjustment on senior high school students’ self-concept. International Journal of Educational Research Review, ,719-724. DOI:10.24331/ijere.628712
Mustafa, M. B., Rani, N. H. M., Bistaman, M. N., Salim, S. S. S., Ahmad, A., Zakaria, N. H., & Safian, N. A. A. (2020). The Relationship between Psychological Well-Being and University Students Academic Achievement. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 10(7), 518–525. http://dx.doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v10-i7/7454
Nilsson, J. E., & Anderson, M. Z. (2004). Supervising international students: The role of acculturation, role ambiguity, and multicultural discussions. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 35, 306-312. DOI:10.1037/0735-7028.35.3.306
Ogunsola, O. K., Osuolale, K. A., & Ojo, A. O. (2014). Parental and Related Factors Affecting Students’ Academic Achievement in Oyo State, Nigeria. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology International Journal of Educational and Pedagogical Sciences, 8(9), 3137-3144. Retrieved from https://publications.waset.org/10001503/p
Ostrove, J. M., & Long, S. M. (2007). Social class and belonging: Implications for college adjustment. The Review of Higher Education, 30(4), 363-389. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/rhe.2007.0028
Padgett, R.., Johnson, M.., & Pascarella, E.  (2012). First-generation undergraduate students and the impacts of the fi rst-year of college: Additional evidence. Journal of College Student Development, 53(2), 243-266. DOI:10.1353/csd.2012.0032
Paradise, A. & Kernis, M. H., (2005). Self-esteem and Psychological Well-being: Implications of Fragile Self-esteem. Journal of Social and Clinical Pscyhology, 21(4), 345-361. https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.21.4.345.22598
Pasha, H. S. & Munaf, S., (2013). Relationship of self-esteem and adjustment in traditional university students. Procedia – Social and Behavioural Sciences, 84, 999-1004. DOI:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.06.688
Perry, R. P., Hladkyj, S., Pekrun, R. H., & Pelletier, S. T. (2001). Academic control and action control in the achievement of college students: A longitudinal field study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93(4), 776–789. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.93.4.776
Poyrazli, S., & Lopez, M.Z. (2007). An exploratory study of perceived discrimination and homesickness: A comparison of international students and American students. The Journal of Psychology, 141(3), 263–280. DOI: 10.3200/JRLP.141.3.263-280
Quaglia, R., Gastaldi, F. G. M., Prino, L. E., Pasta, T., and Longobardi, C. (2013). The pupil-teacher relationship and gender differences in primary school. Open Psychol. J. 6, 69–75. doi: 10.2174/1874350101306010069 
Raymond C and  Chi-K. C (2020).Positive Thinking, School Adjustment and Psychological Well-being among Chinese College Students. The Open Psychology Journal. Content list available at: https://openpsychologyjournal.com
Reddy, R., Rhodes, J. E., and Mulhall, P. (2003). The influence of teacher support on student adjustment in the middle school years: a latent growth curve study. Dev. Psychopathol. 15, 119–138. doi: 10.1017/S0954579403000075 
Reid, L. M., & Dixon, A. L. (2012). The counseling supervision needs of international students in U.S. institutions of higher education: A culturally-sensitive supervision model for counselor educators. Journal for International Counselor Education, 4, 29-41. Available at Available at https://digitalscholarship.unlv.edu/jice/vol4/iss1/2/
Rodríguez, M. S., Tinajero, C., Guisande, M. A., & Páramo, M. F. (2012). The student adaptation to College Questionnaire (SACQ) for use with Spanish students. Psychological Reports, 111(2), 624-640. DOI: 10.2466/08.10.20.PR0.111.5.624-640
Rueger, S. Y., Chen, P., Jenkins, L. N., and Choe, H. J. (2014). Effects of perceived support from mothers, fathers, and teachers on depressive symptoms during the transition to middle school. J. Youth Adolesc. 43, 655–670. doi: 10.1007/s10964-013-0039-x 
Ryff, C. D. (1989). Happiness is everything, or is it? Explorations of the meaning of psychological well-being. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 57(6), 1069-1081. DOI: 10.1037/0022-3514.57.6.1069
Scalera, V., and Alivernini, F. (2010). La transizione alla scuola superiore: modello teorico, costruzione e validazione della Scala di Difficoltà di Transizione (SDIT). J. Educ. Cult. Psychol. Stud. 1, 55–94. https://www.ledonline.it/ECPs- Journal/allegati/ECPS-2010-2_Scalera.pdf 
Tao, S., Dong, Q., Pratt, M. W., Hunsberger, B., & Pancer, S. M. (2000). Social support: Relations to coping and adjustment during the transition to university in the Peoples Republic of China. Journal of Adolescent Research, 15(1), 123-144. https://doi.org/10.1177/0743558400151007
Vaez, M., Kristenson, M., & Laflamme, L. (2004). Perceived Quality of Life and Self-Rated Health among First-Year University Students. A Comparison with Their Same Age Working Peers. Social Indicators Research, 68, 221-234. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:SOCI.0000025594.76886.56
Virtanen, T. E., Vasalampi, K., Torppa, M., Lerkkanen, M.-K., and Nurmi, J.-E. (2019). Changes in students’ psychological well-being during transition from primary school to lower secondary school: a person-centered approach. Learn. Individ. Differ. 69, 138–149. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2018.12.001 
Virtanen, T. E., Vasalampi, K., Torppa, M., Lerkkanen, M.-K., and Nurmi, J.-E. (2019). Changes in students’ psychological well-being during transition from primary school to lower secondary school: a person-centered approach. Learn. Individ. Differ. 69, 138–149. doi: 10.1016/j.lindif.2018.12.001 
Wintre, M. G., Dilouya, B., Pancer, S. M., Pratt, M. W., Birnie-Lefcovitch, S., Polivy, J., & Adams, G. (2011). Academic achievement in first-year university: who maintains their high school average? High Educ (2011) 62:467–481. DOI 10.1007/s10734-010-9399-2
Wong, M. (2018). Perceptions of school life among a sample of Chinese children in Hong Kong. Early Child Dev. Care 188, 800–818. doi: 10.1080/ 03004430.2016.1238361 
Wong, M., and Power, T. G. (2019). Links between coping strategies and depressive symptoms among girls and boys during the transition to primary school. Early Educ. Dev. 30, 178–195. doi: 10.1080/10409289.2018.1544811
Yi, J. K., Lin, J. C. G., & Kishimoto, Y. (2003). Utilization of counseling services by international students. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 30, 333-342.
Yousef J, Davood,  T. and Zabih P. (2020). The effect of Social Adjustment and Hope on the Educational Well-being of Students: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Phytopharmacological Research,10(4),191-198. Availabe at https://eijppr.com/ByaCcv8.
Yusoff, M. S. B. (2019). ABC of content validation and content validity index calculation. Resource, 11(2), 49–54. https://doi.org/10.21315/eimj2019.11.2.6Z
Zhou, Y., Frey, C., & Bang, H. (2011). Understanding of international graduate students' academic adaptation to a U.S. graduate school. International Education, 41(1), 76-94. Available at https://www.proquest.com/docview/911991616